JRTI (Jurnal Riset Tindakan Indonesia) ISSN: 2502-079X (Print), ISSN: 2503-1619 (Electronic) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes research and practice-based research across multidisciplinary fields of knowledge. The journal adopts an integrative and transdisciplinary perspective, welcoming scholarly works that employ systematic cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection to address real-world challenges and generate measurable improvements in diverse professional and community contexts. JRTI is committed to bridging theory and practice by disseminating actionable knowledge that contributes to institutional development, community empowerment, policy implementation, technological innovation, and sustainable social transformation at local, national, and international levels. The journal embraces contributions from a wide range of scientific clusters, including education and human development; social sciences and humanities; psychology and mental health; public health and well-being; science, technology, engineering, and applied innovation; environmental and sustainability studies; governance, public administration, and policy reform; economic development and entrepreneurship; agriculture and rural advancement; disaster mitigation and resilience; as well as creative and cultural industries. JRTI particularly values studies conducted in authentic field settings such as schools, universities, government institutions, non-governmental organizations, community groups, healthcare facilities, industries, and multi-sector collaborative networks. JRTI welcomes various forms of action-oriented inquiry, including classroom action research, participatory and collaborative action research, community-based interventions, practitioner-led research, institutional improvement projects, organizational development initiatives, and multi-sector transformative programs. Submissions are expected not only to report contextual findings but also to present methodological refinement, innovative intervention models, best-practice frameworks, or scalable solutions that can be adapted and replicated across regions. Through interdisciplinary dialogue and cross-institutional collaboration, JRTI aims to strengthen Indonesia’s capacity for evidence-based decision-making, enhance professional practice across disciplines, and contribute to sustainable development aligned with national priorities and global development goals.
IICET (Indonesian Institute for Counseling, Education and Therapy)
JRTI is an Open Access Journal. The authors who publish the manuscript in this journal agree to the following terms: JRTI Journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free to: Share - copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. Adapt - remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Superior microporous development in teak sawdust-derived activated carbon via N₂ activation for enhanced methylene blue uptake
This study investigates the effect of activation atmosphere (N₂ and CO₂) on the physicochemical properties and adsorption performance of teak sawdust-derived activated carbon for methylene blue removal. Carbonization was conducted at 750 °C followed by physical activation at 700 °C with a gas flow rate of 200 mL min⁻¹. Characterization results showed that N₂ activation produced a higher specific surface area and micropore volume compared to CO₂ activation, indicating more dominant microporous development. The N₂-activated sample exhibited superior adsorption uptake toward methylene blue under the tested condition (5 ppm), reaching 13.30 mg g⁻¹, while the CO₂-activated carbon showed lower uptake. The findings suggest that activation atmosphere strongly influences pore evolution and adsorption behavior. However, adsorption performance was evaluated at a single concentration; therefore, further isotherm and kinetic studies are required to determine the true maximum adsorption capacity and adsorption mechanism.
I Gusti Agung Ketut Chatur Adhi Wirya Aryadi
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gusti Agung Kade Suriadi, Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara, Tjokorda Gede Tirta Nindhia, I Gusti Agung Ketut Chatur Adhi Wirya Aryadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Developing a terminology agreement in vocational education research: content validation of standard keyword indexes
The study conducted an expert-based content validation to develop and validate a standardized keyword index for vocational education research. A lack of standard terminology in vocational education leads to problems in literature discovery, conducting systematic reviews, and international collaboration. Five content experts (three professors and two doctorate holders) with a minimum of 10 years of experience in vocational education using purposive sampling strategy, evaluated 79 keywords that were extracted from a systematic literature review of recent publications (2014-2025). The experts assessed each keyword for relevance on a 4-point Likert scale. The study used the Content Validity Index (CVI) method for the data analysis at both the item level (I-CVI) and the scale level (S-CVI). The result showed that the content validity was outstanding with the S-CVI/Ave of 0.916 which was higher than the recommended limit of 0.90. The 79 keywords were able to achieve I-CVI scores of at least 0.80, with 46 of the keywords (58.2%) getting perfect agreement (I-CVI = 1.00) and 33 of the keywords (41.8%) I-CVI = 0.80. The validated keywords were categorized into eight thematic categories: Core VET Systems & Models, Pedagogical Approaches, Technical & Occupational Skills, 21st Century & Soft Skills, Industry 4.0 & Emerging Technologies, Policy Standards & Quality Assurance, Labor Market & Economic Development, and Sustainability & Contemporary Issues. This standardized index remedies the problem of terminological inconsistency in vocational education research and thus leads to more efficient literature retrieval, knowledge synthesis, and international research collaboration. The study offers a clear and repeatable framework for keyword standardization that can be used to guide future updates and changes in different educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alzet Rama, Nizwardi Jalinus, Muhammad Anwar, Ifdil Ifdil, Wiki Lofandri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimizing edge computing with reinforcement learning for real-time iot applications
This research explores the integration of Reinforcement Learning (RL) with Edge Computing to optimize real-time Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The primary problem addressed is the challenge of latency and resource constraints in IoT systems, which hinder real-time decision-making. The objective of this study is to investigate how RL can enhance the performance of Edge Computing by optimizing resource allocation and improving real-time decision-making in IoT environments. A library research method was employed, focusing on secondary data from relevant books, journals, and previous studies related to Edge Computing, RL, and IoT systems. The findings reveal that Edge Computing significantly reduces latency by processing data closer to the source, while RL optimizes resource management and decision-making. However, challenges remain in terms of computational overhead and scalability, particularly in resource-constrained edge devices. The study concludes that the integration of RL and Edge Computing offers a promising solution to optimize real-time IoT applications, but further research is needed to address scalability, security, and energy efficiency for practical implementation. This combination has the potential to revolutionize IoT systems, making them smarter, faster, and more efficient in handling complex, real-time tasks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peniarsih Peniarsih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The role of firm size in moderating the relationship between earnings management and financial performance: empirical evidence from the transportation and logistics sector
This study examines the relationship between earnings management and financial performance by distinguishing between accrual earnings management and real earnings management practices. In addition, this study investigates the moderating role of firm size in influencing the relationship between earnings management and financial performance. A quantitative approach was employed using secondary data obtained from 38 companies in the transportation and logistics sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2019–2024 period, resulting in 138 firm-year observations. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with SPSS software. The findings suggest that real earnings management has a positive effect on financial performance, indicating that operational adjustments may improve short-term financial outcomes. In contrast, accrual earnings management has a negative effect on financial performance, suggesting that accrual-based manipulation may reduce earnings quality and fail to reflect the firm’s actual economic condition. Furthermore, firm size does not moderate the relationship between accrual earnings management and financial performance. However, firm size strengthens the relationship between real earnings management and financial performance, indicating that larger firms have greater capacity to utilize operational strategies to influence reported performance. These findings contribute to the literature by highlighting the different implications of accrual and real earnings management for financial performance and emphasizing the contextual role of firm size. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size, sector-specific focus, and the use of a single proxy for real earnings management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nyoman Dewi Ayu Ratih Arya Dewanti, Made Sudarma, ⁠Mirna ⁠Amirya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Efektivitas penggunaan teknik self instruction setting kelompok untuk mereduksi prilaku off task (di luar kegiatan belajar) siswa
This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group-based self-instruction techniques in reducing off-task behavior among elementary school students. Off-task behavior, such as talking out of turn, daydreaming, and inattention, remains a common issue that can hinder the learning process. This study employed a quasi-experimental design using a non-equivalent control group design. A total of 40 sixth-grade students participated in the study, consisting of 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. The results indicated that the experimental group showed a significant reduction in off-task behavior after the intervention, while the control group did not demonstrate a significant change. Furthermore, post-test comparisons revealed that the experimental group had a lower level of off-task behavior than the control group. In practical terms, the difference in mean scores suggests that the intervention had a strong effect on reducing off-task behavior. In conclusion, group-based self-instruction techniques are effective in reducing off-task behavior and improving student engagement in the classroom.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Wahyuni, Neviyarni Neviyarni, Yanti Fitria, Anisah Anisah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pengembangan LKPD terintegrasi PJBL-STEM pada materi ekosistem untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan kolaboratif siswa sekolah menengah atas
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan menguji dampak integrasi PjBL-STEM dalam Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik (LKPD) materi Ekosistem terhadap peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan kolaboratif siswa SMA. Penelitian ini merupakan Research and Development (R&D) menggunakan model pengembangan 4-D (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) dari Thiagarajan, dengan tahap Disseminate tidak dilaksanakan. Subjek penelitian adalah 31 siswa kelas X SMA Pembangunan Laboratorium UNP, Padang. Instrumen pengumpulan data meliputi lembar validasi ahli, angket respons siswa, lembar observasi kolaborasi, dan tes esai berpikir kritis. Analisis dampak diukur menggunakan uji beda pre-test dan post-test serta N-Gain score. Hasil validasi ahli menunjukkan bahwa LKPD terintegrasi PjBL-STEM sangat layak digunakan dengan persentase kevalidan 91% dan kepraktisan 95%. Implementasi LKPD menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil pre-test dan post-test. Uji N-Gain menunjukkan dampak peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis sebesar 0,67 (kategori sedang) dan keterampilan kolaboratif sebesar 0,89 (kategori tinggi). Disimpulkan bahwa integrasi PjBL-STEM dalam LKPD Ekosistem tidak hanya valid dan praktis, tetapi juga berdampak positif dan signifikan dalam memberdayakan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan kemampuan kolaborasi siswa secara holistik.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alifda Putri Meivinia, Fitri Arsih, Heffi Alberida, Irdawati Irdawati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of whatsapp call center WA MAILAKU-based public service through indrajit’s e-government model: a case study of the UPTD
This study aims to analyze the public service provided through the WA MAILAKU WhatsApp Call Center using Indrajit’s e-government model at the UPTD. Training and Education for Cooperatives, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises. It emphasizes that WhatsApp-based service delivery should be critically examined through the e-government framework, particularly in terms of policy support, organizational capacity, and service value. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, and were analyzed using an interactive model involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the implementation of WA MAILAKU is supported by leadership commitment, the existence of standard operating procedures, and the use of WhatsApp as a platform familiar to service users. The study concludes that WA MAILAKU cannot yet be fully understood as a formal e-government system, but rather as a digital public service innovation with strong potential to support fast and inclusive service delivery. Its effectiveness continues to depend on improvements in technical service management, the digital competencies of personnel, and the protection of information privacy and security. This study is limited by its focus on a single organizational unit and by its reliance on qualitative self-reported data from informants.
Anak Agung Ngurah Eddy Supriyadinata Gorda
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Komang Yudha Anggun Candra Cahyani, Anak Agung Ngurah Eddy Supriyadinata Gorda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing e-government implementation in an integrated personnel information system: a qualitative case study
The implementation of e-government has become an essential part of public sector reform in Indonesia, particularly in the management of civil service administration. However, many local government agencies still face difficulties in achieving effective digital integration, especially in personnel information systems. This study examines the implementation of the Integrated Personnel Information System (SIPETIR) at the Badung Regency Personnel and Human Resources Development Agency through the lens of the SPBE framework. The research employed a qualitative case study design involving 10 informants selected purposively from the agency’s leadership, administrators, IT staff, and employees. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation, and analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model with the assistance of NVivo 14. The findings show that SIPETIR has improved the speed of administrative services, strengthened transparency in personnel processes, and reduced manual procedures in promotion, leave, and retirement services. However, the system still faces several challenges, including incomplete integration with SIASN, limited technical staffing, and delays in updating employee data, such as the case of employees who have not updated their personal records. Findings are limited to a single agency and may not generalize. The study suggests that the success of e-government implementation depends not only on digital infrastructure, but also on interoperability, continuous capacity building, and organizational commitment to data accuracy and service integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putu Angga Widyadinata, I.G.A.AG Dewi Sucitawathi Pinatih http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
How can the process of transforming Islamic texts into practice be explained integratively through the perspective of reading comprehension, interpretation, fiqh, and the history of Islamic culture?
The transformation of Islamic texts into religious practice is a significant issue in contemporary Islamic studies due to the separation of cognitive, interpretive, normative, and socio-cultural approaches. Existing studies often discuss reading comprehension, interpretation, fiqh, and Islamic cultural history independently, leaving the stages of text transformation insufficiently explained. This study aims to develop an integrative understanding of how Islamic texts become religious practices through the synthesis of these four perspectives. Using a Systematic Literature Network Analysis (SLNA) approach, the study analyzed indexed scientific articles from the Scopus database. From 2,550 initial findings, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria after systematic filtering. Bibliographic data were analyzed using VOSviewer to map keyword co-occurrence networks and thematic clusters, while RStudio bibliometric packages were used for descriptive and publication pattern analyses. The findings reveal that transformation occurs in a layered and non-linear process, beginning with cognitive text comprehension, followed by interpretation, institutionalization in fiqh, and materialization into lived religious practices influenced by historical and cultural contexts. The study also identifies an epistemological gap caused by the absence of an integrative model connecting these stages systematically. As a contribution, this research proposes an integrative conceptual model linking text, meaning, authority, and practice in Islam.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yasnel Yasnel, andi martini, Herlina, Syarifuddin Syarif http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Symbolic interaction and social media influence on junior athletes: a scoping review
Background Problems: Social media platforms are increasingly becoming a crucial component of junior athletes' daily lives, potentially shaping their athletic identity development and sporting performance. Research Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to carefully map and integrate the existing body of research on the impact of social media on junior athletes' sporting performance, with a particular focus on the process of identity formation as interpreted through the lens of symbolic interactionism theory. Methods: This scoping review followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines and searched five electronic databases (SciSpace, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus) for studies published between 2005 and 2025. Findings from eligible studies were synthesized using a theory-informed thematic analysis guided by three core symbolic interactionist constructs: meaning construction, social interaction processes, and identity negotiation. Results: From an initial dataset of 122 records, 12 studies met the inclusion criteria established after the systematic review process. The included studies addressed three main themes: (1) Identity Construction and Self-Presentation – athletes actively engage in multifaceted identity formulation through social media platforms; (2) Peer Influence and Social Support - social media serves as a channel for constructive peer support and the emergence of performance-related anxiety; and (3) Performance Impact Mechanisms - there is a complex relationship between social media usage patterns and athletic performance outcomes. Conclusion: Current research indicates that social media significantly impacts junior athletes' identity formation and athletic performance through symbolic interaction processes. However, there are significant gaps in the literature, particularly regarding longitudinal studies, cross-cultural analyses, and intervention-focused research
Copyright (c) 2026 Shodiq Hutomono, Teguh Santosa, Slamet Santoso, Widha Srianto, Fadli Ihsan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mapping smart tourism technologies in halal tourism: bibliometric evidence and thematic research gaps
This study maps the intellectual structure and thematic development of smart tourism technologies in halal tourism, a field in which digital innovation increasingly intersects with Sharia-compliant service requirements but remains weakly synthesized. Using Scopus as the data source, publications from 2015 to 2024 were retrieved through a structured TITLE-ABS-KEY search string and screened using PRISMA procedures, resulting in 38 eligible publications from an initial 156 records. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using Bibliometrix/Biblioshiny and VOSviewer through performance analysis, source analysis, keyword co-occurrence, citation analysis, and network visualization. A systematic thematic synthesis was also conducted to identify dominant technologies, implementation issues, and research gaps. The findings show an annual publication growth rate of 34.59%, with Indonesia, China, and Malaysia appearing as the most visible contributors within the analyzed Scopus corpus. Keyword and thematic analyses indicate that Muslim tourist perceptions, sustainable tourism, IoT, halal tourism management, AI, and machine learning form the main research clusters. This study contributes by clarifying how smart tourism scholarship can be adapted to halal tourism contexts through digital halal verification, Muslim-friendly destination services, culturally sensitive technology adoption, and future research agendas on Sharia-compliant smart tourism ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Youmil Abrian, Yunia Wardi, Susi Evanita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Flexibility and hand–eye coordination profiles in children aged 10–12 years
The development of physical and motor abilities in school-age children plays an essential role in supporting optimal growth and development. This study aimed to determine the profile of flexibility and hand–eye coordination among children aged 10–12 years in the coastal area of Anyer, Banten. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method using a survey approach. The population consisted of children aged 10–12 years living in the coastal area of Anyer, Banten. The sample included 43 children, consisting of 24 girls and 19 boys, selected using purposive sampling techniques. The instruments used were the sit and reach test to measure flexibility and the ball throw-and-catch test to measure hand–eye coordination. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages. The results showed that the flexibility level of children aged 10–12 years was predominantly categorized as very good, with 27 children (62.79%), followed by good with 11 children (25.58%) and moderate with 5 children (11.62%). In contrast, the hand–eye coordination test revealed that 25 children (58.14%) were categorized as poor, 13 children (30.23%) as moderate, 3 children (6.98%) as very poor, and only 2 children (4.65%) as good. The findings indicate that children living in the coastal area of Anyer generally demonstrate excellent flexibility; however, their hand–eye coordination ability remains relatively low. Therefore, physical education programs should provide more structured visual–motor coordination activities through manipulative games and sports activities to improve children’s motor development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masnur Ali, Qory Jumrotul Aqobah, Ubaedi Ubaedi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Neurocognitive training versus conventional drills for reactive agility in tennis players
Traditional agility training in tennis primarily emphasizes pre-planned movement patterns and may not adequately address the perceptual-cognitive demands required during competitive play. Neurocognitive training has emerged as a promising approach that integrates cognitive processing, visual perception, decision-making, and motor execution simultaneously. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of neurocognitive training and conventional agility drills on reactive agility and match performance in competitive tennis players. This study employed a randomized controlled experimental design involving 30 competitive tennis players aged 18–24 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either the Neurocognitive Training Group (NTG; n = 15) or the Conventional Drill Group (CDG; n = 15). Both groups completed an 8-week intervention program conducted three times weekly. Reactive agility, reaction time, decision-making accuracy, and tennis match-performance indicators were assessed before and after the intervention using stimulus-based agility testing, computerized cognitive assessments, and standardized match analysis. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results demonstrated significant improvements in both groups; however, the NTG showed greater enhancement across all variables. Reactive agility improved by 13.52% in the NTG compared with 6.45% in the CDG (p < 0.001). Decision-making accuracy increased from 74.18% to 86.53% in the NTG, while the CDG improved from 75.01% to 79.42%. Additionally, rally success percentage increased significantly in the NTG (51.27% to 63.82%) compared with the CDG (50.94% to 56.17%). In conclusion, neurocognitive training was more effective than conventional drills in improving reactive agility, cognitive responsiveness, and match performance in tennis players.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ali, Fadli Ihsan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The direct and moderating role of coping strategies on the relationship between financial anxiety, academic demands, and psychological well-being among undergraduate students: a PLS-SEM approach
Psychological well-being among undergraduate students has emerged as a critical academic outcome shaped by multiple interacting stressors. This study examined the direct effects of coping strategies, financial anxiety, and academic demands on psychological well-being, as well as the moderating role of coping strategies in those relationships. A quantitative approach was applied in this study by utilizing the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method on a sample of undergraduate students. Results indicated that coping strategies positively and significantly predicted psychological well-being (β = 0.381; p < 0.05), while financial anxiety exerted a significant negative effect (β = -0.307; p < 0.05). Academic demands did not demonstrate a significant direct effect, likely because students’ subjective appraisals of academic load are modulated by internal regulatory factors such as self-efficacy and resilience. Moderation analysis revealed that coping strategies significantly attenuated the negative impact of financial anxiety on psychological well-being (β = 0.292; p < 0.05) indicating that higher coping capacity was associated with a weaker negative effect of financial anxiety whereas its moderating role in the academic demands relationship was not supported. These findings suggested that adaptive coping capacity represented a stronger determinant of student well-being than external academic pressure, and that financial anxiety constituted a distinct psychological burden warranting targeted institutional intervention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridho Candra, Zadrian Ardi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital twin applications in athlete performance monitoring, biomechanical analysis, and injury prevention: implications for volleybal
Linking cyber-physical systems with top-level sports performance has presented digital twin (DT) as a competent instrument for optimizing athlete's performance and injury prevention. The current systematic literature review investigates how DTs have been applied in volleyball and other related sports. Using the PRISMA 2020 checklist, a search for relevant articles in Scopus and other databases resulted in 641 items dated 2020-2026. After exclusion of non-related articles and unscreened evaluation, only 8 papers were found to be suitable for the study. The outcomes highlighted three broad themes: (1) DT models for real-time injury risk prediction and biomechanical tracking, (2) individualized training and rehabilitation systems facilitating better load management and skill acquisition, and (3) comprehensive DT systems that use physiological, psychological and nutritional data to support the athlete more effectively. The bulk of the articles appeared post-2022, suggesting a quick increase of this research domain. In essence, DT technology seems highly capable of helping evidence-based coaching, athlete monitoring and injury prevention. However, more validation is still needed, particularly for cases coming from volleyball-specific situations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudyanto Rudyanto, Vega Soniawan, Anisa Sholiha Mia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bullying prevention through an inclusive game-based physical education model in elementary school
Bullying in elementary schools has a detrimental impact on students' social, emotional, mental well-being, and academic achievement. The purpose of this research was to develop, validate, and conduct preliminary testing of an inclusive game-based physical education (PE) model designed to prevent bullying among Grade 5 students in Aceh, Indonesia. A revised Research and Development (R&D) design adapted from Borg and Gall (2003) was employed across six phases: needs assessment, model design, expert validation, small-group trial, field trial, and final revision. Participants included PE teachers, students, and four expert validators. The model comprises six inclusive cooperative games embedding values of cooperation, empathy, solidarity, tolerance, teamwork, and sportsmanship. Expert validation demonstrated high feasibility (M = 4.39/5; CVI = .92), and practicality ratings from teachers and students were very high (M = 4.42; 88.40%). Field trial results revealed statistically significant improvements in prosocial behavior and anti-bullying attitudes, t(39) = 14.82, p < .001, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 2.34) and moderate normalized gain (N-gain = 0.52). Observational data confirmed progressive gains across sessions, with the largest improvement in conflict reduction (+26 percentage points). This model offers a theoretically grounded, locally validated, and curriculum-aligned approach to bullying prevention within elementary PE contexts. Implications for PE teachers, school administrators, curriculum developers, and policymakers are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amirzan Amirzan, Iwan Hermawan, Sujarwo Sujarwo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Game-assisted learning in physical education for fundamental movement skill development in school-age children: a systematic literature review
The initial search identified 378 records, which were reduced to 364 after duplicate removal. Following title-and-abstract screening, 118 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria for full synthesis. Inclusion criteria comprised English-language original articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2020 and 2026, addressing motor or psychomotor outcomes operationalized as performance on a validated locomotor, manipulative, or psychomotor assessment instrument within physical activity, physical education, or rehabilitation contexts involving game-based or technology-assisted interventions; exclusion criteria removed conference papers, editorials, and studies lacking such measurable motor outcomes. Title-abstract and full-text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers, with inter-rater agreement quantified using Cohen’s kappa (k = 0.81 and k = 0.86, respectively), and methodological quality of included studies was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Thematic synthesis revealed four major findings: exergaming and active video games produce consistent short-term gains in gross motor proficiency and muscular fitness; immersive VR and robotic-assisted training enhance task-specific motor control but show limited evidence of transfer to real-world performance; gamified pedagogy increases situational interest, enjoyment, and executive function alongside motor outcomes; and effects are moderated by population characteristics, dosage, and implementation fidelity. These findings carry theoretical implications for motor learning and self-determination frameworks, and practical implications for PJOK curriculum design, teacher training, and inclusive adaptation for learners with special educational needs. Future research should prioritize longer follow-up periods, standardized FMS assessment batteries, and rigorously controlled trials in authentic school settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gita Sundari, Anton Komain, Damrah Damrah, Nuridin Widya Pratono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sports nutrition and mental toughness in athletes: a systematic review of mechanistic evidence
The relationship between sports nutrition and psychological performance has become an important area in sport science. This systematic literature review (SLR) examined the role of sports nutrition in enhancing mental toughness, psychological resilience, and athletic performance. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and employed a structured Boolean search in the Scopus database. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2026 were screened. From 411 identified records, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. Findings revealed that adequate carbohydrate and protein intake supports neurocognitive functions related to perceived effort and decision-making. Furthermore, targeted supplementation, including branched-chain amino acids, antioxidants, and probiotics, contributes to recovery processes that may reduce anxiety and burnout risk. The review also identified gender-related nutritional disparities and highlighted the gut–brain axis as a promising but underexplored mechanism influencing mental resilience. Overall, nutrition represents a modifiable factor that can strengthen athletes’ psychological performance and mental toughness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Humaedi Humaedi, Andi Saparia, Syahputra Manik, Satria Yudi Gontara, Andi Sultan Brilin Susandi Eka Wahyudhi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integration of artificial intelligence in e-voting systems for anomaly detection and prevention of electoral data manipulation
The increasing adoption of electronic voting (e-voting) systems has improved electoral efficiency and accessibility while simultaneously introducing new challenges related to cybersecurity and electoral data integrity. This study aims to examine the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in e-voting systems for anomaly detection and the prevention of electoral data manipulation. Using a library research approach, data were collected through the analysis of books, scientific journals, research reports, and other relevant academic literature related to Artificial Intelligence, anomaly detection, and electoral data integrity. The findings indicate that AI-based anomaly detection mechanisms can effectively identify unusual patterns, suspicious activities, and potential manipulation attempts within electoral datasets. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms enable continuous monitoring and adaptive threat detection, overcoming several limitations of traditional security approaches. The study concludes that integrating AI into e-voting systems can strengthen electoral data integrity, improve security performance, and enhance public trust in digital electoral processes while supporting transparent, reliable, and accountable democratic governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdurrohman Abdurrohman, Afiyati Afiyati, Rasiban Rasiban http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Home-based and digitally delivered exercise interventions for blood pressure management in adults with hypertension: a systematic review (2021–2026)
High blood pressure is still a major risk factor that can be changed for heart problems and early death. This systematic review of literature combined the latest evidence on home-based exercise interventions for blood pressure management in adults by looking at different modalities, effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, features of a programme that make it effective, and the use of digital delivery technologies. The review used the PRISMA 2020 method. A carefully organized search of Scopus came up with 1858 records. After taking out 3 duplicates, 1855 records were first checked by title and abstract. 126 full-text reports were retrieved for eligibility check. 74 studies have met the inclusion criteria after full-text reading and were included in the qualitative synthesis. Eligible studies enrolled adults with hypertension or elevated blood pressure undergoing home-based or tele-delivered exercise and reporting systolic and/or diastolic outcomes. Methodological adequacy was appraised with the FICO framework. Because of marked heterogeneity in dosing and outcome ascertainment, findings were integrated through thematic synthesis rather than meta-analysis. Four set of main results were drawn. Firstly, aerobic and combined aerobic-resistance exercises were the most prescribed ones, while isometric and mind-body methods displayed differential effects but consistent benefits. Secondly, most controlled studies demonstrated that both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were clinically significantly lowered when compared to usual care. Thirdly, the changes seen with exercise were dependent on exercise intensity, frequency, and time as well as adherence that stood out from others, with supervision a d digital monitoring as important moderators. Fourthly, digitally and tele-delivered programmed formed a sizeable part of the evidence and were often used in cardiac, renal, oncological, and metabolic populations. Generally, home-based exercise seems to be an effective addition to managing antihypertensive treatment although further work is required to standardise the prescription of exercise, to find objective ways to measure adherence, and to do long-term studies involving populations from diverse backgrounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeki Haryanto, Dally Rahman, Naluri Denay http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ergogenic aids and nutritional supplementation on athletic performance and exercise recovery in competitive athletes: a systematic literature review
The widespread use of ergogenic aids and nutritional supplements among competitive athletes has generated extensive research, yet findings remain fragmented due to heterogeneous methodologies, inconsistent outcomes, and diverse populations. This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesized empirical evidence on the effects of ergogenic aids and dietary supplementation on athletic performance and recovery, identified dominant themes, and highlighted research gaps. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of the Scopus database was conducted on 7 June 2026 using terms related to ergogenic aids, nutritional supplementation, performance, and recovery. Of 675 records published between 2017 and 2026, 34 duplicates were removed and screening based on predefined criteria yielded 25 studies for thematic synthesis. Study quality was appraised using the FICO framework (Focus–Information–Context–Outcome), and findings were integrated via thematic synthesis rather than meta-analysis owing to substantial heterogeneity in supplement types, dosing, and outcome measures. Three thematic clusters emerged: (1) protein and macronutrient supplementation enhanced muscle protein synthesis and reduced exercise-induced muscle damage, particularly with leucine-enriched and post-exercise protocols; (2) caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine, nitrates, and polyphenolic antioxidants consistently improved high-intensity performance, endurance, and oxidative stress profiles; and (3) multi-ingredient pre-workout and periodized nutrition strategies produced synergistic recovery benefits, although dose-response relationships and population-specific effects remain unclear. Findings advance mechanistic understanding and support evidence-based nutritional protocols while emphasizing the need for individualized supplementation strategies informed by metabolomics, genomics, and microbiome profiling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Japhet Ndayisenga, Jeki Haryanto, Dally Rahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychological readiness for return to sport after musculoskeletal injury in volleyball players: a systematic literature review
Volleyball injury can be considered as one of the inherent risks of the game as it is a high-impact jumping sport with the knee, ankle and shoulder being the main parts of the body exposed to the heavy load repeatedly. The period after the physical recovery from injury is also being understood as a psychological issue along with a biomechanical one. Researches on physical recovery have been done extensively but only a few studies have attempted to explore the psychological aspect especially the confidence of an athlete to resume the competition after injury in volleyball populations. This systematic literature review was conducted to gather and analyze the existing evidence on psychological readiness to return to sport following injury among volleyball players and, also, in the larger population of injured athletes who are relevant to volleyball. The review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) paper. Scopus database was the main source of information, and a Boolean strategy was applied to combine terms for volleyball, injury, psychological readiness and return to sport in the title, abstract and keyword fields. The search returned 783 records; after eliminating 11 duplicates, 772 records were screened, 69 full texts were assessed for eligibility, and 10 studies met all inclusion criteria. Four major thematic findings are as follows: psychological readiness is a quantifiable, multi-dimensional factor with confidence and fear of re-injury being the most dominant two elements; readiness has a consistent negative correlation with pain, kinesiophobia and second-injury risk; protective psychological resources such as mental toughness, athletic identity and adaptive achievement goals can influence the recovery trajectory; and criterion-based assessment which is validated is increasingly incorporating psychological along with functional testing. Theoretically, these findings substantiate the biopsychosocial model of the return to sport; practically, they are in support of the regular, sport-specific evaluation of readiness by coaches and rehabilitation teams. We recommend future research to focus on prospective, volleyball-specific cohorts, designs that are longitudinal, and the use of wearable devices combined with psychological assessment to enhance the precision of return-to-sport decision-making.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rudyanto Rudyanto, Eval Edmizal, Jeki Haryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fundamental movement skills and physical fitness in children: mediating roles of play-based activity and nutritional status a systematic literature review
In this systematic literature review (SLR), we have attempted to bring together the existing body of evidence on the interplay between FMS competency, play-based PA participation, nutritional status, and physical fitness outcomes in children aged 3-18 years. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (Page et al., 2021), a thorough search was done on the Scopus database, which brought out 585 preliminary records. After duplicate removal (n = 47), screening titles and abstracts (n = 538), and assessing full-text eligibility (n = 149), 55 papers ended up fitting the criteria and were used for the final synthesis. Methodological quality was appraised using an adapted FICO (Focus, Information, Context, Outcome) framework, and inter-rater agreement during screening and data extraction was high (Cohen's κ = 0.85). Included studies, published between 2018 and 2026, comprised randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and cross-sectional designs, and systematic reviews. Major results from this review point to the fact that: (1) FMS proficiency predicts children's habitual PA levels, especially during play-based situations; (2) both structured and outdoor play-based programs have been shown to be effective in the enhancement of locomotor and object control skills; (3) nutritional status, especially being overweight or obese, not only poses a risk for FMS performance but can also affect cardiovascular fitness; and (4) the development of both motor competence and physical fitness in children is dependent on play, dietary habits, and socioeconomic situation. These conclusions have important theoretical meaning for the ecological dynamics model of motor learning as well as practical implications for physical education content, school health policies, and clinical pediatric guidelines. Longitudinal studies should be the focus of future research as they allow investigating the relationships of all four constructs together while targeting populations that are rarely studied, especially in low- and middle-income regions
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Maharani, Syahrial Bakhtiar, Wilda Welis, Anton Komaini http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Systematic Review of Local Wisdom-Based Learning Models in Physical Education: Effects on Physical Fitness, Social Interaction, and Enjoyment
The initial systematic search of the Scopus database using the PRISMA 2020 method found 40 records. The 10 included studies involved participants ranging from preschool to college age, were drawn predominantly from Indonesia (7 of 10 studies), with the remainder from Taiwan, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and most quasi-experimental samples comprised fewer than 100 participants; the search was deliberately confined to Scopus to ensure consistent and complete bibliographic metadata across records, a scope decision discussed further as a review limitation. This analysis whereby the selected articles show constant key points. Thirdly, bringing local wisdom into PE greatly raised elementary students' drive, pleasure, commitment, and cultural knowledge, deeply connecting learning to their lives. Eventually, playing a traditional game helped teachers not only deliver instruction but also preserve cultural heritage and strengthen the student's cultural identity. The findings indicate that local wisdom-based innovative learning models can also facilitate the emotional, physical, social development simultaneously in schools. Besides, the review points out that cultural relevance is an element that attracts students towards deeper engagement and learning. On the other hand, most of the research articles are from Southeast Asia; though, some of the sampling and quasi-experimental studies are small in number. That is why upcoming studies should look at bigger and more variable populations, incorporate instruments that can measure social-interaction and enjoyment, and compare the performance results of these approaches across different cultural settings so as to provide a stronger evidence base at the international level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isra Kamar, Masrun Masrun, Aldo Naza Putra, Eval Edmizal, Wilda Welis http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Stroke frequency and decisiveness in elite competitive badminton (2020–2026): a systematic review of match analysis studies
In accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in the Scopus database, and in the first phase, 639 documents were identified that were published from 2020 to 2026. When 15 duplicates were removed, 624 records left were screened by title and abstract. Records that did not fall under English-language peer-reviewed articles or reviews deal explicitly with badminton stroke or match analysis were discarded, so in the end, 158 full-text articles were obtained for the eligibility check. The final thematic screening found 55 papers that were synthesized to prepare this review. The four main findings of the analysis are: (1) the smash stroke was recognized as the shot most used for attacking and also the shot most responsible for playing the winning points in elite singles and doubles; regardless of the level, (2) net shots, along with net-kills, were also the second most frequently used weapon, mainly in short-rally scenarios enabled by the rally-point scoring system; (3) gender and format-based differences are so marked that in male singles, more rear-court to front-court transitions occur than in female players; (4) there is a growing use of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to accurately quantify stroke patterns instead of mere notational analysis. In terms of numbers, the smash and net shot combined made up just about 73% of the winning shots in elite singles as per the gathered research, whereas net-kills represented more than 40% of the points won in elite women's doubles. These results lead directly to areas of coaching pedagogy, talent identification, and the design of training programs. The aim of future research should be to longitudinally monitor changes in stroke distribution as scoring systems change and to utilize wearable sensor technology for real-time stroke classification in natural match conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melky Pangemanan, Fredrik Alfrets Makadada, Fadli Ihsan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Associations between body mass index, physical activity, and motor competence in children aged 3–12 years: a systematic literature review
This systematic literature review was designed to synthesize the latest research on the associations among BMI, physical activity and motor competence in children aged 3–12 years and to present the methodological map of this field. Following the PRISMA 2020 format, this review undertook a structured Scopus database search of publications from 2020 to 2026 (search conducted on 30 June 2026). Upon elimination of non-English and document-type-ineligible records (43), a total of 520 records were screened by title and abstract. Of these, 120 reports were retrieved and 111 were full-text assessed. Fifty studies were finally included in the synthesis after application of the predefined eligibility and quality (FICO) criteria. Four thematic findings were revealed. To begin with, the link between higher BMI and poorer motor competence was not only consistent, but could also be traced down to very early childhood years. Secondly, physical activity and motor competence were mutually beneficial and positively related, quite often their relationship was indirect and going through physical fitness. Thirdly, both motor-skill and multicomponent interventions brought about improvements in motor competence as well as adiposity-related outcomes, especially in children with problems of overweight or obesity. Fourthly, motor competence correlates existed on the level of individual, family and environment. Conceptually the results push forward reciprocal and developmental frameworks of motor competence; on the other hand, they give support to the idea of early, skill-centered physical-activity promotion in educational and community settings. Further studies would do well to focus on longitudinal, compositional, and intervention designs that regulate the use of motor-assessment tools in an effort to identify causal relationships and help the formulation of policies that can be implemented on a large scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eni Rispayanti, Tjung Hauw Sin, Wilda Welis, Anton Komaini, Sri Gusti Handayani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Artificial intelligence enabled wearable technologies in beach volleyball: a systematic literature review of current evidence, research gaps, and future directions
The fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) and wearable technology has transformed athlete monitoring, yet evidence in volleyball, particularly beach volleyball, remains fragmented across engineering, computer science, and sports medicine. This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesized peer-reviewed studies on AI-enabled wearable devices for volleyball performance, training load, and injury monitoring, emphasizing the applicability of indoor volleyball findings to beach volleyball. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, two independent reviewers conducted study selection and data extraction, achieving excellent inter-rater reliability (Cohen's κ = 0.87). Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist, and findings were synthesized thematically. A Scopus search identified 102 records; after duplicate removal and screening, 10 studies met the eligibility criteria. Eligible studies were English-language journal articles published between 2018 and 2025 involving wearable sensing and computational or machine-learning applications in volleyball. Four themes emerged: deep learning combined with inertial measurement units accurately recognized volleyball activities and jump types; wearable-derived training load predicted injury risk and performance using personalized algorithms; sensor-based skill assessment was validated mainly indoors; and beach-specific technologies remained limited, except for environmental monitoring. Overall, AI-enabled wearable systems demonstrated high recognition accuracy, but evidence for external validation and beach-specific applications remains scarce. This review provides the first beach-oriented roadmap for future research on wearable AI in volleyball.
Production efficiency as a mediating mechanism linking financial management and agricultural institutions to farm profitability
This study examines how financial management and agricultural institutions are associated with farm profitability through production efficiency as a mediating mechanism. The unit of analysis is the individual farm business managed by food-crop farmers in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A quantitative explanatory design was used, and survey data from 150 farmers were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that financial management and agricultural institutions have positive and significant relationships with production efficiency, with path coefficients of 0.667 and 0.490, respectively. Production efficiency is also positively related to farm profitability (0.618), while the direct relationships of financial management (0.222) and agricultural institutions (0.203) with profitability remain significant but smaller than their mediated pathways. Bootstrapping results indicate significant indirect effects from financial management to profitability through production efficiency (0.412) and from agricultural institutions to profitability through production efficiency (0.303), confirming partial mediation. The model explains 64.3% of the variance in production efficiency and 75.3% of the variance in farm profitability. These findings suggest that managerial and institutional interventions are more likely to improve profitability when they are explicitly directed toward more efficient input use, cost control, and productivity improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musdalipa Musdalipa, Norhaedah, Sulfiana, Nurul Awaniah, Widyastuti Setianingsi Siri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sport-confidence and learning motivation as joint predictors of basketball skill-learning outcomes in physical education
Sport-confidence was assessed through the 13-item Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory (TSCI), learning motivation through the 18-item Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), and basketball skill-learning outcomes through the AAHPERD Basketball Skills Test (speed spot shooting, passing, and control dribble), combined into a composite T-score. Data were studied using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple correlation with an F-test of significance. Descriptive outcomes showed a high level of confidence (M = 48.69, SD = 8.57) and a high level of motivation (M = 50.93, SD = 6.04) mainly. Sport-confidence was not significantly linked to basketball skill outcomes when taken alone (r =.239, p =.212), and the same for learning motivation (r = -.224, p =.243). However, the two psychological variables taken together predicted a significant portion of variance in skill outcomes (R =.461, R² =.212, F(2, 26) = 3.502, p =.045), which accounted for 21.2% of the variance. These results indicate that confidence and motivation function as complementary rather than independent predictors of motor-skill learning, and that their combined psychological profile, rather than either construct alone, has substantial educational meaning. Since the sample size was quite small (only 29), we consider results from the study as preliminary evidence rather than a thorough test of the hypotheses; however, the fact that 21.2% of the joint variance was explained means that instruction in PE that deals with both confidence and motivation at the same time, rather than treating them as separate targets, could be the one that ultimately results in the greatest practical benefit when it comes to skill acquisition. A discussion of the implications for psychologically informed PE pedagogy and directions for confirmatory research with larger samples is provided.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fajri Iftitah Rizki , Eval Edmizal, Tjung Hauw Sin, Ronni Yenes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A systematic review of associations between nutritional status, physical fitness, and learning motivation and physical education learning outcomes
We applied the four-domain FICO framework (Focus, Information, Context, Outcome) for quality appraisal. Because the included designs were highly heterogeneous (cross sectional, experimental, quasi experimental, and qualitative), we opted for a narrative/thematic synthesis rather than a meta analysis. A single reviewer team handled screening and eligibility decisions, with no second independent rater, so we do not report inter rater reliability statistics. This limitation is addressed in Section 5.5.. Of the 622 initial records, 50 studies met the inclusion criteria after screening and eligibility assessment. The studies covered 26 countries, but mostly from Spain, Australia, the United States, Indonesia and Ireland, which also had the most references to the legislative papers, were mostly cross-sectional quantitative studies with some experimental, quasi-experimental and qualitative designs. The results showed that autonomous and intrinsic motivation were the best predictors of engagement and learning outcomes; physical fitness, motor skills, motivation, and physical activity in students were strongly linked together; student-centered and technology-supported pedagogies were effective in establishing motivational climates; and, nutritional status, generally considered as a contextual factor affecting fitness-related outcomes, was rarely the central variable. These findings align with self-determination and expectancy-value theories and stress the need for health-related fitness and motivational pedagogy to be integrated into PE curricula. Still, the review found very few longitudinal studies, hardly any focus on the nutritional status, and quite a few inconsistent definitions of learning outcomes. Going forward, research should include longitudinal and intervention designs that concurrently explore nutritional status, physical fitness, and motivation, all using standardized outcome measures in order to improve cross-study comparisons and meta-analytic synthesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Randi Asmilyadi, Kamal Firdaus, Aldo Naza Putra, Nugroho Susanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kesiapan sekolah dalam implementasi pendidikan inklusi: kesenjangan kompetensi guru dan infrastruktur pada sekolah islam terpadu
Pendidikan inklusi merupakan amanat konstitusional yang mewajibkan setiap sekolah reguler untuk memberikan layanan pendidikan berkualitas bagi seluruh peserta didik, termasuk anak berkebutuhan khusus (ABK). Namun, realitas di lapangan menunjukkan kesenjangan yang sangat lebar antara regulasi yang ambisius dan kesiapan nyata sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kesiapan sekolah umum dalam implementasi pendidikan inklusi, ditinjau dari aspek kompetensi guru dan dukungan sarana prasarana, serta implikasinya terhadap penerimaan sosial dan keberhasilan pembelajaran siswa inklusi. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan desain studi kasus tunggal (single case study). Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam semi-terstruktur, dan studi dokumentasi terhadap seluruh pemangku kepentingan yang terlibat, mencakup kepala sekolah, guru, orang tua, serta siswa reguler dan siswa ABK. Analisis data menggunakan model interaktif Miles, dengan validasi melalui triangulasi sumber, triangulasi metode, dan member checking. Temuan awal menunjukkan bahwa SMPIT Al Madinah Tanjungpinang saat ini menampung tiga siswa berkebutuhan khusus (dua siswa ADHD dan satu siswa dengan keterlambatan intelektual) tanpa didukung Guru Pembimbing Khusus (GPK), Program Pembelajaran Individual (PPI), maupun sarana prasarana adaptif. Kondisi ini berdampak langsung pada penerimaan sosial yang belum optimal dan capaian pembelajaran siswa inklusi yang jauh dari standar. Temuan ini merekomendasikan bahwa diperlukan perbaikan layanan pendidikan inklusi yang lebih bermartabat dan berkeadilan disetiap sekolah.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiya Musanna, Abdul Hamid Arribathi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development of a QR code-based traditional music e-module to improve instrumental skills and cultural literacy
This research created a traditional musical instrument skills and cultural literacy enhancement e-module through the use of a QR Code for music learning at vocational high schools. The research was carried out as the learning resources were scarce, causing fewer opportunities for self-practice and less understanding of the cultural values in traditional music. Repeated, self-paced, and QR-linked audiovisual exposure sessions were considered a great means to reinforce the technical work of the students and at the same time deepen their understanding of the context and the culture of each piece, thus establishing a theoretical connection between the technology and the two dependent variables. The research and development method with the ADDIE model was used for the study, using a one-group pretest-posttest design without a control group. The participants were [insert exact number] purposively selected Grade X vocational high school students along with material and media experts, and a music teacher. Data collection instruments were expert validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, learning achievement tests, instrumental performance assessments, and cultural literacy questionnaires, with the questionnaire instruments' internal consistency measured by Cronbach's Alpha (α = [insert coefficient]). Results demonstrated that the e-module Material expert and media expert determined validity to be approximately 94.0% each and practicality levels teacher = 93.4%; students = 91.2% were very high, its implementation also enhanced students' learning achievements (pretest-posttest N-Gain = 0.65, medium-to-high category), instrumental skills 87.25%, and cultural literacy (90.75 %). The use of QR Code technology allowed students to easily access multimedia learning resources and encouraged independent learning. The final developed e-module was hence found to be a valid, practical, and effective digital learning resource for traditional music instruction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sylvia Oktari, Heldi Heldi, Indrayuda Indrayuda, Tulus Handra Tulus Handra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Deep learning-based learning media and students' self-regulated learning in physical education: a systematic literature review of mechanisms and gaps
The integration of artificial intelligence and deep learning into physical education (PE) has created new opportunities to enhance students' self-regulated learning (SRL), yet evidence on the effectiveness of deep learning-based learning media remains fragmented. This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the application of deep learning-based learning media and its impact on students' SRL in PE. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search of the Scopus database identified studies published between 2015 and 2025. After a multi-stage screening process based on predefined eligibility criteria, 28 studies were included and analyzed using thematic synthesis. The review identified three major findings: deep learning-based learning media enhanced students' goal setting and self-monitoring through computer vision, intelligent tutoring, and adaptive feedback systems; multimodal feedback improved metacognitive awareness and motor skill acquisition; and considerable heterogeneity in study designs and SRL measurement instruments limited cross-study comparisons. Overall, deep learning-based learning media show strong potential to promote SRL in PE by supporting cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational learning processes. Future research should prioritize longitudinal designs, standardized SRL assessment instruments, and validation across diverse educational contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Delvina Delvina, Wilda Welis, Sepriadi Sepriadi, Nugroho Susanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biological determinants outweigh the learning environment: a path-analytic model of physical fitness, nutritional status, and motor ability in primary-school children
Motor skills in the middle childhood phase are a critical skill through which one could attain lifelong physical activity; However, their determinants are often examined separately, which "hides" the fact of how biological readiness and the instructional environment together influence movement outcomes. Objective: In this work, the authors represented the direct and indirect impacts of children's motor ability through physical fitness, nutritional status, and the learning environment in such a way that the learning environment was considered as a mediator. Methods: The research was carried out using a cross-sectional, correlational design on 38 fifth-grade pupils at a laboratory primary school in Padang, Indonesia. Physical fitness was measured with the Indonesian Student Fitness and Skill Test (Phase C), nutritional status with body-mass-index-for-age, the learning environment with a validated Likert questionnaire, and motor ability with the Nurhasan Motor Ability Test. Data were analysed through path analysis using ordinary-least-squares regression across three structural models in IBM SPSS Statistics 27, after verifying normality, linearity, and the absence of multicollinearity. Results: Physical fitness is a great predictor of nutritional status (beta = 0.899, R-squared = 0.809). Net of confounds in the model, physical fitness (beta = -1.052), nutritional status (beta = 0.603), and the learning environment (beta = -0.299) each had a significant direct effect on motor ability, and all six hypotheses were supported. Learning environment transmission indirect effects were quite small (-0.432 and 0.193), suggesting that biological factors impacted primarily the motor ability through direct rather than mediated pathways. Conclusively, in an educationally homogeneous setting, children's physical fitness and nutritional status are the primary determinants of their motor ability, whilst the learning environment represents more of a facilitating than a mediating factor. Practical implication: Physical-education programmes should focus on fitness development and nutritional monitoring while continuing to offer a positive and supportive instructional atmosphere.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridho Guswandi, Masrun Masrun, Khairuddin Khairuddin, Donie Donie http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The platform economy and the commercialization of sport participation: a systematic literature review
The quick entry of digital platforms into the sphere of physical activity, fitness and leisure sports has drastically changed how participation is organised, experienced and monetised, but research still stays very much separated among sport management, marketing, information systems, and sport sociology. In order to answer these calls, we did the research by performing a systematic review of literature on platform economy as platform of commercializing sport participation. According to PRISMA 2020 rules, a structured Scopus search was carried out and 1, 418 documents were extracted and limited to years 2021, 2026. After deletion of 12 duplicates, we ended up with 1, 406 documents to be screened, of which 188 were further examined at the full-text stage and ultimately 10 were eligible studies. Eligibility was determined using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers conducted study screening and data extraction, with disagreements resolved through discussion (Cohen's κ = 0.88). The included studies were synthesized using the thematic synthesis framework proposed by Thomas and Harden (2008). Commercialisation mechanisms, value co-creation, and social consequences as the main topics were explored by the means of thematic synthesis and also the combination of descriptive and bibliometric techniques. Four key messages were identified. One, commercialization is largely based on subscription and freemium models that are strengthened through engagement engineering. Second, through data-driven self-tracking and social comparison as well as parasocial relationships, platforms and their communities are made even stronger as values are co-created. Third, although these services are available online and may be free to attend, there is much to be done in that way of leisure space which can be done by surveillance, self-monitoring, and market-directed activities. The last point is that with the change in business models from ownership-centered to service-centered the whole fitness market is being changed. A new model of explaining how sport participation can be mediated through digital platforms has been developed by this review, combining the concept of platform capitalism with service-dominant logic and consumer culture theory. Commercialization studies have been expanded from just the spectator sports, besides this it also suggests some ideas or recommendations to the management, coaches or policymaking authorities and, in doing so, identifies the areas that the longitudinal, critical, and South-related research could target.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anisa Sholiha Mia, Andre Igoresky, Rudyanto Rudyanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identity construction and impression management across digital sport platforms: a PRISMA 2020 systematic review of studies published between 2015 and 2026
With the rise of social media, there is a change in the way athletes create, manage and convey their images. They no longer depend on traditional media outlets to shape their reputation but can now use digital platforms to craft their image directly. While there have been lots of studies in this field that span sport sociology, sport communication, and digital media, most results are disjointed, and there is barely any research on how self-presentation, impression management, athletic identity and personal branding come together in the connected context. This review attempts to fill some gaps in the literature by consolidating the empirical works done on athletes' self-presentation in digital environments. According to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a Scopus search was carried out that turned up 649 documents. The Scopus search was conducted in January 2026 using the search terms "social media", "Instagram", "TikTok", "self-presentation", "impression management", "personal branding", and "athletes", combined through Boolean operators. Two independent reviewers screened all records following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, with disagreements resolved through discussion. Inter-rater reliability reached Cohen's κ = 0.87. Study quality was assessed using the FICO appraisal framework, while thematic synthesis followed the procedures proposed by Thomas and Harden (2008). Once duplicates were eliminated (n =6), 643 records were checked; out of these, 582 were either in the wrong type, language or were completely off the topic of the study. Finally, after assessing 61 full-text articles and discarding 51 for not meeting the requirements of self-presentation through an empirical lens or not available, only 10 papers emerged for thematic synthesis. The analysis covered topics such as image building, identity construction, self-promotion techniques, and environmental factors affecting online self-presentation. The three main outcomes were: 1) Athletes playfully weave together aspects of their public and private faces, 2) True or authentic image is primarily an athlete's branding tool, though commercially driven, and 3) Gender, characteristics of a social media platform and the influence of advertising are factors that define how athletes use the medium. In conclusion, the review has laid out the theory, practical guidance, and the scope of further research on this subject to different stakeholders such as sportspersons, trainers, and advertisers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anisa Sholiha Mia, Bram Sujadesman, Jeki Haryanto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CIPP-Based Evaluation of Physical Education, Sports, and Health Learning Implementation in a Vocational Secondary School
Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) in vocational high schools often occupies a complementary role despite its important contribution to students' physical, social, and psychological development. This study evaluates the implementation of PJOK learning at SMKN 6 Padang, Indonesia, using Stufflebeam's Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) evaluation model. A descriptive design was employed with a population of 997 Grade X and XI students and PJOK teachers. A sample of 90 students was selected through stratified random sampling using the Slovin formula (d = 0.1). Data were collected through validated Likert-scale questionnaires (teacher reliability = 0.940; student reliability = 0.790) and semi-structured interviews with three PJOK teachers, then analyzed using descriptive percentage analysis. The findings indicate that 78.9% of students rated PJOK implementation as "good," 15.6% as "very good," and 5.6% as "enough," with no negative ratings. Teacher interviews confirmed that learning planning was aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum, teaching methods incorporated varied physical activities, and assessment covered cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. However, implementation was constrained by limited sports facilities, scheduling issues, weather conditions, and large class sizes. This study provides empirical evidence on PJOK implementation in vocational high schools and extends the CIPP evaluation literature by triangulating quantitative student perceptions with qualitative teacher perspectives under the new national curriculum. The findings also offer implications for teaching practice, school policy, and future evaluative research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ghaluh, Eval Edmizal, Yendrizal Yendrizal, Kristian Burhan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Post-harvest processing and smallholder cocoa farm profitability: evidence from indonesian cocoa production
Indonesia is one of the world's leading cocoa producers; however, smallholder cocoa farmers continue to face low product quality and unstable market prices due to limited adoption of value-adding post-harvest processing. Guided by an agricultural economics and value chain perspective, this study examined how different cocoa bean processing methods influence farm profitability. A cross-sectional comparative survey was conducted from July to September 2024 involving 53 cocoa farmers in Antutan Village, Bulungan Regency, Indonesia. Respondents were selected using a census approach because all active cocoa farmers in the study area were included. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, field observations, and semi-structured interviews. Farm profitability was evaluated using cost and return analysis, gross margin, net farm income, and revenue-cost (R/C) ratio analysis. Differences in profitability among the three processing methods wet beans, non-fermented dry beans, and fermented dry beans were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that fermented dry bean processing generated the highest economic returns, with average revenue of IDR 38,387,755.10 and net income of IDR 17,480,017.91 per 2 hectares, outperforming both wet bean and non-fermented dry bean marketing systems. The fermented processing system also achieved the highest R/C ratio (1.43), indicating superior economic feasibility and greater profitability. These findings demonstrate that post-harvest fermentation significantly enhances farm income by increasing the market value of cocoa beans. Strengthening farmers' adoption of fermentation technology through targeted extension services, technical training, and improved market and processing infrastructure would support greater value addition and improve the economic sustainability of smallholder cocoa farming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Didi Adriansyah, Eko Wahyudi, Siti Masithah Fiqtinovri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceptions of physical education teachers and coaches toward talent identification in volleyball and artistic gymnastics
This study aimed to analyze the perceptions of Physical Education teachers and coaches regarding talent identification in volleyball and artistic gymnastics. A descriptive quantitative design was employed involving 45 respondents, comprising 15 Physical Education teachers, 15 volleyball coaches, and 15 artistic gymnastics coaches selected through total sampling in Tugumulyo District, Musi Rawas Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected using validated and reliable four-point Likert-scale questionnaires and analyzed descriptively using percentage statistics. The findings revealed that overall perceptions were predominantly categorized as good (43%), followed by sufficient (37%), while coaches consistently demonstrated higher perception scores than Physical Education teachers across environmental, anthropometric, physical ability, and psychological indicators. These findings indicate that professional roles and practical experience influence perceptions of talent identification, highlighting the need for stronger collaboration between schools and sports clubs to improve evidence-based talent identification systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 William Andri Utomo, Nuridin Widya Pranoto, Syahrial Bahktiar, Muhamad Sazeli Rifki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of structed drill practice on the precision of overhead clears: a quasi-experiential research study in collegiate badminton players
This study investigated the effect of structured drill training on the accuracy of overhead clear shots among badminton athletes at the UNP Badminton Academy, Padang, Indonesia. The research was motivated by the athletes’ inconsistent overhead clear performance, which contributed to the academy’s inability to reach the top eight in the 2024 UNP Rector Cup despite serving as the tournament host. A quantitative quasi-experimental approach with a one-group pretest–posttest design was employed. Twelve athletes were selected through purposive sampling from a population of 24 registered academy athletes. Overhead clear accuracy was assessed using the French Test, a standardized instrument with documented validity (0.60) and high reliability (0.98), administered before and after 16 sessions of structured drill training. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and a paired-sample *t*-test at a significance level of α = .05. The results showed a substantial improvement in overhead clear accuracy following the intervention. The mean score increased from 59.33 (SD = 16.12) at the pretest to 84.33 (SD = 6.95) at the posttest. Both datasets met the normality assumption, and the paired-sample *t*-test revealed a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (*t*(10) = −6.240, *p* < .001). These findings suggest that structured, repetition-based drill training is effective in enhancing overhead clear shot accuracy among competitive badminton athletes. However, because the study employed a single-group design without a control group, alternative explanations such as maturation, testing, or history effects cannot be entirely ruled out. Nevertheless, the findings provide preliminary empirical evidence supporting the use of structured drill training as an effective approach for improving technical performance in badminton and offer practical implications for coaches in designing skill development programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fariz Maulana Syawshindra, Eval Edmizal, Donie Donie, Juanda Putra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
kinematics of upper limbs and the spin effectivity of table tennis ball during a serve with backspin
Among all table tennis strokes, the backspin serve is a critical technical skill because it enables the server to initiate play without direct opposition and create tactical advantages through ball spin. Despite its importance, the biomechanics of upper limb movements during the backspin serve remain less understood than those of topspin strokes. This systematic review aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate the existing evidence on upper limb biomechanics during table tennis serves and strokes, with particular emphasis on the backspin serve. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and searched the Scopus database using structured Boolean keywords related to table tennis, biomechanics, upper limb kinematics, and serve actions. Of 479 identified records, 50 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The findings consistently demonstrated that effective spin generation relies on a proximal-to-distal kinetic sequence involving shoulder internal rotation, forearm pronation, and wrist flexion, with wrist motion playing a particularly important role in backspin and short serves. Kinematic patterns also varied according to sex, playing level, and grip style, highlighting the need for individualized technical models. In addition, wearable inertial sensors and statistical mapping emerged as promising alternatives to laboratory-based motion capture systems, although markerless motion analysis requires further validation. However, direct evidence linking upper limb biomechanics to ball spin and serve effectiveness remains limited, particularly for backspin serves. Overall, this review highlights current evidence, identifies important methodological gaps, and provides practical implications for coaching and future research on serve-specific biomechanics, longitudinal designs, and AI-assisted motion analysis in table tennis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zaki Hawaari, Khairuddin Khairuddin, Masrun Masrun, Fahd Mukhtarsyaf http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital and analog learning media for improving fundamental movement skills in elementary school students: a prisma-guided systematic literature review
Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) are essential for children's physical development and lifelong participation in physical activity. However, many elementary school students still demonstrate low levels of locomotor, object-control, and stability skills. This systematic literature review examined the effectiveness of various learning media, including analog tools (e.g., flash cards and board games) and digital technologies (e.g., augmented reality, virtual reality, and mobile applications), in improving FMS among elementary school children. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and used Scopus as the primary database. From 114 initially identified records, 10 studies met the final inclusion criteria and were analyzed in depth. Study quality was assessed using the FICO framework (Focus, Information, Context, Outcome). The findings indicate that game-based and flash-card learning media consistently improved locomotor skills, while augmented reality and mobile-based interventions produced equal or superior outcomes compared with conventional teaching methods. Adapted media, such as e-books and QR-code resources, also supported children with sensory or intellectual differences in developing FMS. Nevertheless, most studies employed small samples and single-group pretest–posttest designs, limiting the strength of causal inferences. Overall, learning media show considerable potential to enhance FMS development when systematically integrated into physical education programs. Future research should prioritize randomized controlled trials, longer intervention periods, and standardized reporting to strengthen the evidence base for educational practice and policy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wandi Geovani, Anton Komaini, Gusril Gusril, Umar Umar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Muscle explosive power and foot-eye coordination of leg were studied as direct and concentration-mediated effects on shooting ability of young soccer players
This study examined the direct and indirect effects of leg muscle explosive power, eye-foot coordination, and concentration on the shooting ability of young soccer players. A correlational design with path analysis was employed. The participants were U-13 to U-17 players from SSB Binhar FC in Kerinci Regency, Indonesia. From a population of 55 players, 37 were selected through convenience sampling, and complete data were obtained from 28 players. Leg muscle power was measured using the Standing Broad Jump, eye-foot coordination with the Soccer Wall Volley Test, concentration through the Concentration Grid Test, and shooting ability using the Shooting Accuracy Test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26 after normality, linearity, and multicollinearity assumptions were confirmed. The results showed that leg muscle explosive power (β = 0.067; p = 0.006), eye-foot coordination (β = 0.331; p = 0.046), and concentration (β = 0.196; p = 0.048) had significant positive effects on shooting ability. Concentration also partially mediated the relationship between leg power and shooting ability, as well as between eye-foot coordination and shooting ability, with an indirect effect of 0.121 for each path. Collectively, the three predictors significantly explained the variance in shooting performance (p < 0.001). In conclusion, shooting performance in junior soccer players is influenced by the integrated contribution of physical, coordinative, and psychological factors. Concentration plays a mediating role by directing physical and coordination abilities toward more accurate shooting execution. These findings support the implementation of integrated training programs combining physical conditioning, coordination drills, and concentration exercises to improve shooting performance in youth soccer players.
Copyright (c) 2026 M Yusuf Sulaiman, Ridho Bahtra, Syahrial Bakhtiar, Atradinal Atradinal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Reflective teaching skills development through classroom action research: enhancing pre service teachers' reflection on action in practicum
Reflective skills are essential competencies for pre-service teachers to drive continuous instructional improvement through critical evaluation. However, many candidates struggle to advance beyond basic descriptive processing. This study investigated the efficacy of a two cycle Classroom Action Research (CAR) intervention in systematically enhancing the reflective skills of 35 purposively sampled pre-service teachers during their teaching practicum. Data were gathered through a 10 item observation scale () and guided journals evaluated using a standardized rubric with strong inter-rater consensus (). Quantitative diagnostics revealed a significant rise in overall reflective competence from a baseline mean of in Cycle I to in Cycle II. A paired-samples t-test confirmed this growth (), supported by a moderate normalized gain () and an exceptionally large effect size (). Crucially, the intervention prompted a major behavioral shift across operationalized reflection levels: technical reporting (descriptive) plummeted from 68% to 18%, while diagnostic reasoning (analytical) grew to 52%, and holistic, theory to practice integration (critical) tripled from 10% to 30%. These findings demonstrate that CAR functions not merely as an inquiry design, but as a powerful pedagogical scaffolding strategy to cultivate higher order professional thinking in teacher education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dalmawaty Kadir, Andi Asari, Sofia Annisa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Return-to-play testing and functional assessment following upper extremity injury in athletes: a systematic literature review
One of the toughest challenges in sports medicine is figuring out when an athlete can safely return to play after an upper extremity injury. Functional performance tests, isokinetic strength assessments, and patient-reported outcome measures are commonly used, but there is still no widely accepted, evidence-based RTP framework for shoulder, elbow, or wrist injuries. This systematic review pulled together the latest evidence on RTP assessment, pinpointed criteria backed by research, evaluated the tools available, and pointed out where studies are still lacking. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and searched the Scopus database for English-language studies published between 2021 and 2026. Two independent reviewers handled study selection and data extraction, with strong agreement (Cohen's κ = 0.87). Methodological quality was checked using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Out of 633 records, only 10 studies made the cut. Four main themes came out of the analysis. First, criteria-based RTP protocols led to fewer reinjuries compared with time-based clearance, even when some functional deficits remained. Second, isokinetic rotational strength and limb symmetry turned out to be the strongest predictors of successful RTP. Third, functional tests like the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test and Unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test showed real clinical value, but they need population-specific normative data to be more useful. Fourth, psychological readiness played its own role in RTP decisions, independent of physical measures. Wearable sensors and artificial intelligence show potential for continuous monitoring, but stronger prospective evidence is still needed. Overall, the current evidence supports a multidimensional RTP framework that combines objective strength, functional performance, and psychological readiness. At the same time, it highlights the need for standardized, pathology-specific criteria through future multicenter prospective studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mario Febrian, Andre Igoresky, Ifdil Ifdil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital coaching systems in sport: a systematic review of emerging technologies and research gaps for evidence-based coaching
Sports coaching has been getting a major overhaul from digital technologies. Things like continuous athlete monitoring, computer vision movement analysis, wearable sensors, and intelligent decision-support systems are all part of it. But even with all this rapid progress, the evidence is still scattered across different fields, sport science, engineering, AI, human-computer interaction. That makes it hard to get a clear picture of how well these tools actually work in real coaching. This systematic review pulled together the current evidence on digital coaching systems. We wanted to see what technological approaches are dominant, how solid the research methods are, and where things should go next. The review stuck to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We ran a structured Boolean search in Scopus, looking at TITLE-ABS-KEY fields for studies from 2021 to 2025. Only English-language peer-reviewed journal articles that met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were kept. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts; any disagreements got sorted out in discussion. Methodological quality got rated using the FICO framework, Focus, Information, Context, Outcome. Then we synthesized the findings through inductive thematic analysis. Out of 986 records initially identified, just 15 studies made it through all the eligibility and quality checks. Four major themes came up: wearable sensing and athlete monitoring, computer vision and markerless motion tracking, intelligent and immersive coaching systems, and analytics-driven decision-support. One thing was clear: technical accuracy is consistently high across these studies. But when it comes to long-term coaching effectiveness, usability, implementation, and ethical governance, the evidence is still thin. That points to a clear need for future research, longitudinal, multi-site, and centered on what coaches actually need.
The relationship between upper-body and lower-body power with speed climbing performance in bandung city athletes: a correlational study
On a typical 15-meter-high wall with a 5° overhang, world-record-level speed climbing requires incredibly quick, explosive, and effective vertical motion. Biomechanical power components, especially upper-body and lower-body power, are important factors that determine athletic performance, as seen by the pattern of world records showing a considerable and constant decrease in time. However, there is still a dearth of research that particularly examines the connection between these two elements in athletes competing at the national level in speed climbing. The purpose of this study is to examine how speed climbing athletes in the world record category perform in relation to upper-body power, lower-body power, and their combination. All speed climbing athletes from the Bandung City FPTI (n=14, total sampling technique) were subjected to a quantitative approach using a correlational design. The medicine ball chest pass test was used to measure arm power, leg power utilizing the vertical jump test, and speed world record performance using the IFSC's automatic timing system with a standard resolution of 1/1000 of a second for the 15-meter course completion time. Using SPSS version 25, statistical analysis includes descriptive tests, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and Spearman's rho correlation test. Upper-body power was strongly and negatively associated with climbing time (rs = -.802, p = .017, approximate 95% CI [-.935, -.473]), and lower-body power showed a similar strong negative association (rs = -.814, p = .014, approximate 95% CI [-.939, -.497]). Upper- and lower-body power were also strongly positively associated (rs = .820, p < .05). These findings indicate that athletes with higher upper- and lower-body power tended to record faster climbing times. Because the study used a correlational design and a small sample, the results should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devia Ariana Indrani, Alen Rismayadi, Geraldi Novian http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The effect of a reaction training system based on sonsic reaction training on improving the agility of beginner badminton athletes in China
Agility is a crucial element in the movement performance of badminton players, as it requires the ability to make quick decisions to produce accurate motor responses. However, evidence regarding technology-assisted reaction training programs specifically designed to improve agility in beginner badminton athletes remains limited. The participants were 22 beginner badminton players aged 8–12 years from Tacheng, China, recruited through purposive sampling and divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 11) and a control group (CG, n = 11). The experimental group participated in an eight-week agility training program using the Sonic Reaction Training System twice a week for approximately two hours per session, while the control group continued their regular training program without the reaction-based intervention. the Six-Point Shuttle Run Test, a standardized field test that assesses multidirectional agility through repeated changes of direction before and after the intervention. The data were then analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Levene's test for homogeneity, paired-samples t-tests, independent-samples t-tests, and Cohen's d effect size analysis to compare changes in agility performance between the two groups. The experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant change (t = 2.850, p = 0.017); however, the mean agility score decreased from 17.67 ± 3.23 at pretest to 15.98 ± 2.97 at posttest. In contrast, the control group showed a significant improvement, with the mean score increasing from 17.49 ± 4.52 to 20.42 ± 4.12 (t = −4.621, p = 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between groups at posttest (t = −2.904, p = 0.009). These findings indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the Sonic Reaction Training System did not produce the expected improvement in agility performance among beginner badminton players. Future studies should employ larger sample sizes, report effect sizes and statistical power, and optimize training protocols to further evaluate the effectiveness of technology-assisted reaction training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiara Mahsela, Dikdik Zafar Sidik, Geraldi Novian, Wang Huai Yu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Association between physical activity behavior and quality of life among older adults
The aim of this study was to determine whether physical activity and health-related quality of life (HRQL) are associated in apparently healthy older adults. The study design was a cross-sectional study. Measurements were obtained from 164 community-dwelling older adults (52 men and 112 women; 70±8 years, mean±SD), selected using a convenience sampling technique from a community health center in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data were collected using a medical history questionnaire, HRQL from the Medical Outcomes Survey short form-36 questionnaire, and physical activity level from the Johnson Space Center physical activity scale. Subjects were separated into low (n=70) and high (n=94) physical activity groups according to the physical activity scale. The higher physical activity group had significantly higher HRQL scores across all eight domains (p<0.05). Compared with the less active group, the more active group had a lower prevalence of hypertension (52% vs. 71%, p=0.030), fewer women (49% vs. 63%, p=0.036), physical function (81±21 vs. 69±20, p=0.031), role physical (82±33 vs. 62±35, p=0.022), vitality (73±16 vs. 60±15, p=0.001), social function (91±19 vs. 84±20, p=0.044), and bodily pain (83±24 vs. 67±22, p=0.001). The two groups did not differ (p>0.05) in terms of mental health, role emotional, or general health. HRQL scores in both physical and mental domains were higher in healthy older adults who consistently engaged in moderate-intensity physical exercise for more than 1 hour per week compared to those who were less physically active. Because this study used a cross-sectional design, these associations should not be interpreted as causal; nevertheless, older adults who are less active or only moderately active may benefit from increasing their physical activity levels to improve their HRQL
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifky Riyandi Prastyawan, Atikah Rahayu, Sabda Hussain As Shafi, Raditya Akbar Adikara, Adji Pangestu Suhana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The mediating role of msme development in the relationship between productive zakat empowerment, mentoring, and mustahik welfare: evidence from PLS-SEM
Productive zakat has been widely implemented to improve the economic welfare of mustahik through business capital assistance and mentoring. However, the effectiveness of these programs in enhancing welfare through the development of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) has remained underexplored. This study examined the effects of productive zakat empowerment and mentoring on mustahik welfare, with MSME development as a mediating variable, at BAZNAS North Sumatra Province. A quantitative explanatory approach was employed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation from 180 mustahik participating in the productive zakat program during 2020–2024. The findings indicated that productive zakat empowerment and mentoring had positive and significant effects on both MSME development and mustahik welfare. MSME development also had a positive and significant effect on mustahik welfare and partially mediated the relationships between productive zakat empowerment, mentoring, and welfare. These findings suggested that integrating productive zakat with sustainable mentoring and business development strategies could strengthen the long-term economic independence and welfare of mustahik.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitri Rorizki; Muhammad Habibi Siregar, Tri Inda Fadhila Rahma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Subnational welfare dynamics: interaction effects and structural contributions of socioeconomic drivers in post-conflict economies
Poverty is a multidimensional issue influenced by the interaction of various economic and social indicators. However, most previous studies have relied on static regression approaches, which fail to capture dynamic feedback mechanisms over time. This study analyzes the dynamic interactions among poverty headcount, population, the Open Unemployment Rate (OUR), real Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), and the Human Development Index (HDI) in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Utilizing official provincial-level annual time-series data from Statistics Indonesia (BPS) for 2005–2024 (n=20), this study employs a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework, including the Engle–Granger cointegration test, Error Correction Model (ECM), Impulse Response Function (IRF), and Variance Decomposition (VD). To preserve degrees of freedom and avoid over-parameterization given the short sample size, optimal lag lengths were strictly constrained based on information criteria. The findings indicate no significant short-run causal relationships among variables, except from poverty to HDI. The ECM estimation reveals that population, OUR, GRDP, and HDI do not significantly affect poverty in the short run, but exert strong cointegrating effects in the long run. IRF shows that shocks gradually return to equilibrium, while VD identifies GRDP and poverty as the most dominant shock drivers in the system. These findings demonstrate that poverty alleviation in Aceh requires long-term structural policies focused on inclusive economic growth, human capital enhancement, and labor market expansion rather than short-term interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yola Kaspia; Maryam Batubara, Yusrizal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exercise motivation mediates individual and work determinants of sport participation among indonesian civil servants: a path analysis
Physical inactivity is a major modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases, while evidence explaining how individual and workplace factors relate to sport participation among public-sector employees in low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study examined the associations between individual factors, work factors, exercise motivation, and sport participation among Indonesian civil servants using a cross-sectional survey. A total of 426 eligible civil servants with at least one year of service voluntarily participated through purposive sampling, providing a sample adequate for the proposed path analysis. Four validated Likert-scale instruments (53 retained items; Cronbach’s α = .651–.902) measured the study constructs. Path analysis based on ordinary least squares regression was performed after all statistical assumptions were satisfied. Exercise motivation showed the strongest direct association with sport participation (β = .522, p < .001), followed by individual factors (β = .251, p < .001) and work factors (β = .089, p = .010). Individual factors demonstrated a stronger indirect association with sport participation through exercise motivation (.313) than their direct association (.251), whereas work factors showed a relatively small indirect association (.063). Together, the predictors explained 54.9% of the variance in sport participation (R² = .549). Because the study employed a cross-sectional design, the identified pathways should be interpreted as statistical associations rather than causal relationships. The findings highlight exercise motivation as the strongest correlate of sport participation and suggest that workplace health promotion should prioritize motivational strategies alongside supportive organizational environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sepri Putra Anggara, Alnedral Alnedral, Asep Sujana Wahyuri, Roma Irawan, Ardo Okilanda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development and validation of an explainable rule-based clinical decision support system for childhood immunization using rule traceability
Childhood immunization is essential for preventing vaccine-preventable diseases, yet immunization decisions in primary healthcare are often affected by false contraindications, inconsistent guideline interpretation, and dynamic clinical conditions. This study developed and evaluated an Explainable Clinical Decision Support System (X-CDSS) that integrates rule-based reasoning, dynamic clinical variables, and explainable rule traceability to provide transparent, guideline-compliant immunization recommendations. A Research and Development (R&D) approach with iterative prototyping was employed. Knowledge from the Indonesian national immunization guideline, scientific literature, field observations, and healthcare professionals was formalized into 35 IF–THEN production rules implemented using a forward-chaining inference mechanism in a web-based application. The system was evaluated through functional testing, clinical validation using 40 representative scenarios, performance evaluation, and User Acceptance Testing involving seven healthcare professionals. The proposed system achieved an accuracy of 92.5%, precision of 96.6%, recall of 93.3%, an F1-score of 94.9%, and a Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.81, with an overall usability score of 4.3/5.0. These findings demonstrate that the proposed X-CDSS provides reliable, transparent, and clinically accountable decision support for routine childhood immunization in primary healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaslinda Lizar, Asriwan Guci, Dony Novaliendry http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychometric characteristics of a pisa-based scientific literacy assessment instrument for ecology: a rasch model analysis
Scientific literacy is an essential competency for the 21st century, yet Indonesian students continue to demonstrate relatively low levels of achievement. This study aimed to analyze the psychometric characteristics of a PISA-based scientific literacy assessment instrument on ecology during the field-testing phase using the Rasch model. The study involved 40 students who completed a 45-item assessment. Data were analyzed using Winsteps based on three Rasch indicators: person–item targeting, item fit, and separation index. The results showed appropriate targeting, with a 0.45-logit difference between the mean student ability and mean item difficulty. A total of 43 of the 45 items (95.6%) met the Rasch model fit criteria. The person separation index of 1.71 and item separation index of 2.18 classified students' abilities and item difficulties into three distinct strata. Overall, the findings indicate that the instrument demonstrates adequate psychometric characteristics for measuring scientific literacy in ecology. However, the relatively modest person separation suggests that additional items targeting lower ability levels may further improve the instrument's measurement precision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erik Nanda Putra Putra, Lufri Lufri, Syafri Anwar, Yuni Ahda http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0