Psychometric evaluation of MIND-RISK for assessing mental health risk among university students

  • Parid Rilo Pambudi 
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
    https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7307-0691
  • Agustin Mega Purnamawati
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
  • Novia Damayanti
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
  • Hana Athia Akhzalini
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
  • Sri Retno Wulandari
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
  • Revi Aprilia Fitri
    Universitas Islam Balitar
    Indonesia
  • Nining Maizura
    Universitas Negeri Malang
    Indonesia
  • Arifah Wulandari
    Universitas Sebelas Maret
    Indonesia

Abstract

This study evaluated the psychometric characteristics of the Mental Health INdex for Academic Distress and Psychological RISK (MIND-RISK), a multidomain instrument designed to assess both psychological risk and protective factors among university students. Data from 100 students were analyzed using the Rasch Partial Credit Model across six constructs: Academic Stress Load, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Academic Adaptability, Emotion Regulation, Psychological Resilience, and Psychological Flourishing. The results showed acceptable item fit for all 48 items, reliable measurement for both the Risk Factor and Protective Factor Indices, and properly functioning five-point response categories. Although lower reliability was found for Intolerance of Uncertainty and some residual dependence was identified, the full 48-item structure was retained. Overall, MIND-RISK demonstrates promising psychometric properties and may be useful for preliminary psychological assessment and profile mapping in university guidance and counseling services. Further validation with larger and more diverse samples and additional psychological measures is recommended before wider standardized use.

Keywords
  • MIND-RISK
  • Mental health risk
  • University students
  • Psychometric evaluation
  • Rasch model
  • Psychological assessment
Lisensing Information
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

References
  1. Abulfaraj, G. G., Upsher, R., Zavos, H. M. S., & Dommett, E. J. (2024). The impact of resilience interventions on university students’ mental health and well-being: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 14(5), 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050510
  2. Ahmed, I., Hazell, C. M., Edwards, B., Glazebrook, C., & Davies, E. B. (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies exploring prevalence of non-specific anxiety in undergraduate university students. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04645-8
  3. Akhzalini, H. A., Pambudi, P. R., & Risdiantoro, R. (2026). Makna Religiusitas sebagai Sistem Pembentukan Makna pada Mahasiswa yang Mengalami Quarter Life Crisis dalam Perspektif Psikologi. Al-Isyrof: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam, 8(1), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.51339/isyrof.v8i1.4817
  4. Aruta, J. J. B. R., Mateo, N. J., Resurreccion, R. R., Galanza, M. A. M. C., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2024). Screening psychological symptoms in Filipino university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Translation and structural validation of the Filipino version of the DASS-21. Psychology in the Schools, 61(8), 3243–3262. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.23214
  5. Asradi, A., & Sarman, F. (2026). Psychometric Validation and Rasch Model Analysis of the Academic Resilience Scale for Indonesian University Students. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 10(03), 2406–2419. https://doi.org/10.31316/g-couns.v10i03.8722
  6. Astuti, F. D., Heriyanto, M. J., Desvita, W. R., Rokhmayanti, R., Hastuti, S. K. W., Utami, B. B. K., & Azka, A. (2024). Mental health screening for university students in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 9(3), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.03.08
  7. Baik, C., Ryan, T., & Lynch-Wells, S. (2026). Assessing student mental health and wellbeing in higher education: A systematic review of measurement approaches. Educational Research Review, 100823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2026.100823
  8. Bintang, R. S., & Suprananto, S. (2024). The impact of sample size, test length, and person-item targeting on the separation reliability in Rasch model: A simulation study. JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Indonesia), 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v13i1.27975
  9. Biscaldi, V., Guerini, J., Ghelfi, M., & Velasco, V. (2026). Instruments used to measure well-being, ill-being, and health-related lifestyle behaviors in students attending Italian universities: a systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 14, 1787567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1787567
  10. Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Scoppetta, O., Barrios-Villadiego, M. A., Tirado-Otálvaro, A. F., & Duran-Bedoya, A. C. (2025). Construct validity of the PHQ-9 in university students in Colombia: A Rasch analysis approach. Medicina Clínica y Social, 9(1), e521. https://doi.org/10.52379/mcs.v9.521
  11. Charbonnier, E., Montalescot, L., Puechlong, C., Goncalves, A., & Le Vigouroux, S. (2023). Relationship between Fear of COVID-19, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Coping Strategies on University Students’ Mental Health. In Nutrients (Vol. 15, Number 23, p. 4938). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234938
  12. Chen, X., Huang, Z., & Lin, W. (2022). The effect of emotion regulation on happiness and resilience of university students: The chain mediating role of learning motivation and target positioning. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029655
  13. Chong, J., Mokshein, S. E., & Mustapha, R. (2022). Applying the Rasch Rating Scale Model (RSM) to investigate the rating scales function in survey research instrument. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 41(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v41i1.39130
  14. Colledani, Daiana, González Pizzio, Adriana P, Devita, Maria, & Anselmi, Pasquale. (2025). Investigating the Functioning of Rating Scales With Rasch Models. Assessment, 32(3), 434–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911241245792
  15. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
  16. Duraku, Z. H., Davis, H., Arënliu, A., Uka, F., & Behluli, V. (2024). Overcoming mental health challenges in higher education: a narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1466060. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1466060
  17. Fang, S., Barker, E., Arasaratnam, G., Lane, V., Rabinovich, D., Panaccio, A., O’Connor, R. M., Nguyen, C. T., & Doucerain, M. M. (2025). Resilience, Stress, and Mental Health Among University Students: A Test of the Resilience Portfolio Model. Stress and Health, 41(2), e3508. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3508
  18. Gustin, V. Y., Nurwidawati, D., & Agustin, N. N. (2025). Adaptation and validation of the hyper-independence scale among Indonesian university students using the Rasch model. REID (Research and Evaluation in Education), 11(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.21831/reid.v11i2.90977
  19. Huang, A., Liu, L., Wang, X., Chen, J., Liang, S., Peng, X., Li, J., Luo, C., Fan, F., & Zhao, J. (2023). Intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety among college students during the re-emergence of COVID-19: Mediation effects of cognitive emotion regulation and moderation effects of family function. Journal of Affective Disorders, 327, 378–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.110
  20. Hughes, S. E., Haroon, S., Subramanian, A., McMullan, C., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Turner, G. M., Jackson, L., Davies, E. H., Frost, C., McNamara, G., Price, G., Matthews, K., Camaradou, J., Ormerod, J., Walker, A., & Calvert, M. J. (2022). Development and validation of the symptom burden questionnaire for long covid (SBQ-LC): Rasch analysis. BMJ, 377, e070230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-070230
  21. Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
  22. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  23. Kurniawan, N. A., Ralianti, D. D., Hanafi, H., Widyatmoko, W., & Pambudi, P. R. (2026). Pendidikan Kedamaian sebagai Fondasi Konseling Karier: Studi Literatur tentang Etika Konselor dan Pengambilan Keputusan Siswa. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Pandohop, 6(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.37304/pandohop.v6i1.23075
  24. Leow, T., Li, W. W., Miller, D. J., & McDermott, B. (2025). Prevalence of university non-continuation and mental health conditions, and effect of mental health conditions on non-continuation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Health, 34(2), 222–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2024.2332812
  25. Liu, V. Y.-Y., & Lim, S. M. (2022). A psychometric evaluation of the brief resilience scale among tertiary students in Singapore. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 42(3), 464–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2020.1845120
  26. Lovibond, S. H. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney Psychology Foundation. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1370294643851494273
  27. Maizura, N., Pambudi, P. R., Bariyyah, K., Soejanto, L. T., Andrianie, S., & Indreswari, H. (2026). Academic Anxiety Among First-Year Students Living Away From Home During the Transition to Higher Education. TANJAK: Journal of Education and Teaching, 7(2), 190–201. https://doi.org/10.35961/tanjak.v7i2.3018
  28. Mauladi, T. A., Hafina, A., Yudha, E. S., & Dynasti, R. H. (2026). Development and Psychometric Properties of a Flourishing Scale for University Students: A Rasch Model Analysis. Jurnal Pembelajaran, Bimbingan, Dan Pengelolaan Pendidikan, 6(12), 3. https://doi.org/10.17977/um065.v6.i12.2026.3
  29. Mohamat, R., Sumintono, B., & Hamid, H. (2022). Analisis Kesahan Kandungan Instrumen Kompetensi Guru untuk Melaksanakan Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah Menggunakan Model Rasch Pelbagai Faset (Content Validity Analysis of an Instrument to Measure Teacher’s Competency for Classroom Assessment Using Many Facet R. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 47(01), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.17576/JPEN-2022-47.01-01
  30. Mulyanti, S., Sukmawati, W., & Tarkin, N. E. H. (2022). Development of items in Acid-Base Identification Experiments Using Natural Materials: Validity Test with Rasch Model Analysis. Phenomenon: Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA, 12(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.21580/phen.2022.12.1.10703
  31. Nadhirah, N. A., Ilfiandra Yudha, E. S., Saripah, I Pratiwi, T. I., & Ahman. (2026). Development and psychometric validation of a PERMA-based flourishing scale for university students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 21(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v21i1.9566
  32. Nawantara, R. D., Hanurawan, F., Ramli, M., Eva, N., & Amat, S. (2026). Adapting the Psychological Well-Being Scale For Indonesian College Students: A Rasch-Based Validation. International Journal of Body, Mind and Culture, 13(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.61838/ijbmc.v13i2.1310
  33. Oktasari, M., Hambali, I., Ramli, M., Chusniyah, T., Julian Hikmy, B., Indah Kholili, M., Wahyudin, H., Ariyanto, R. D., Stevani, H., & Hi-yung, L. (2026). Assessing Student Resilience in Indonesia: Validating the Resilience at University Scale (RAUS) Using Rasch Analysis. Salud, Ciencia Y Tecnología, 6, 2566. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt20262566
  34. Pointon-Haas, J., Waqar, L., Upsher, R., Foster, J., Byrom, N., & Oates, J. (2024). A systematic review of peer support interventions for student mental health and well-being in higher education. BJPsych Open, 10(1), e12. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.603
  35. Purnama, D. S., Farozin, M., & Astuti, B. (2022). The Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale for Indonesian Higher Education Students: A RASCH Model Analysis. Indonesian Research Journal in Education| IRJE|, 6(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.22437/irje.v6i2.20086
  36. Quincho, F. S., Rodríguez Galán, D. B., Farfán Pimentel, J. F., Yolanda Josefina, H. F., Arenas, R. D., Crispín, R. L., & Navarro, E. R. (2021). Academic Stress in University Students: Systematic Review. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5), 3224. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.351
  37. Ramos-Monsivais, C. L., Rodríguez-Cano, S., Lema-Moreira, E., & Delgado-Benito, V. (2024). Relationship between mental health and students’ academic performance through a literature review. Discover Psychology, 4(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-024-00240-4
  38. Ratnaningsih, I. Z., Prihatsanti, U., Prasetyo, A. R., & Sumintono, B. (2025). Validation of the Indonesian version of the psychological capital questionnaire (PCQ) in higher education: a Rasch analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 17(4), 1243–1258. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2023-0480
  39. Rozental, A., Forsström, D., & Johansson, M. (2023). A psychometric evaluation of the Swedish translation of the Perceived Stress Scale: a Rasch analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 690. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05162-4
  40. Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  41. Sumintono, B., Law, M. Y., & Sitasari, N. W. (2025). Self-handicapping scale: evaluation of psychometric properties among Malaysian and Indonesian university students using Rasch rating scale model analysis. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 18(3), 906–920. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2024-0429
  42. Turner, M., & Holdsworth, S. (2024). Supporting a mentally healthy place of study: Examining the relationship between mental well-being, stress, and protective factors among university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 65(5), 816–826. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.13027
  43. Wahdi, A. E., Wilopo, S. A., & Erskine, H. E. (2023). The prevalence of adolescent mental disorders in Indonesia: An analysis of Indonesia–National Mental Health Survey (I-NAMHS). Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(3), S70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.143
  44. White, A. E., & Karr, J. E. (2025). Psychometric properties of the GAD-7 among college students: Reliability, validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 11(3), 321. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000382
  45. Worsley, J., Dryburgh, A., McIntyre, J. C., & Corcoran, R. (2024). Academic and non-academic predictors of common mental health difficulties among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, Volume 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441176
  46. Wulandari, R. M., & Hidayat, R. (2023). Materialism as Personality: Psychometric Properties Using the Rasch Model. Indonesian Journal of Psychology/Jurnal Psikologi, 50(2), 157. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.77592
  47. Yusuf, S., Budiman, N., Saripah, I., Afendy, P. M., Gofur, R., & Hamidah, N. H. (2025). Development and rasch validation of the student mental health scale among Indonesian university students. ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling, 6(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.21831/progcouns.v6i1.79287
  48. Zhai, Y., & Carney, J. V. (2024). The role of mental health and protective factors in student academic persistence and retention during a global crisis. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 11, e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.12

Downloads

PDF

Statistic

Abstract Views
: 0 times
PDF
: 0 times